Investment Tax Categories

Last week I addressed tax-efficiency in your portfolios. Here I shall review the differences among those classifications of taxable, tax-deferred and tax-exempt to make tax-efficiency more readily understood. The following are simple explanations. For expert tax guidance please speak with your accountant or tax attorney.


Taxable: an account that holds money on which you have already paid taxes - e.g. bank checking or savings accounts or brokerage accounts. These accounts may have stocks, bonds, CD's, etc. Every year you receive a 1099 of all reportable earnings: dividends and interest as well as reportable proceeds: stock or bond sales. You enter these numbers on your tax return and pay taxes accordingly.


Tax-exempt: refers to bonds (loans) issued by municipalities (states, cities, towns, counties). These bonds are exempt from federal taxes. As an incentive to its residents to buy these bonds, which finance local projects, you pay no state taxes on the interest. As a NY resident, if you purchase a NY State bond, it will be double tax exempt as you will pay no state or federal taxes on the interest. However, NY reserves the right to tax the interest earned on other states' bonds.


Tax-deferred: means you pay no taxes now but when you withdraw the money both state and federal taxes are due. IRA, SEP, 401k, 403b all grow tax-deferred. Your 401k or 403b plan from work will take money from your paycheck before deducting taxes, deposit the money into your plan where it will grow tax-deferred (you will not receive a 1099 each year). Taxes will be paid when you start withdrawing money from these accounts later in retirement. The money will be taxed, as your income is taxed, both by the state and the federal government. Hopefully, in retirement you will be in a lower tax bracket and, consequently, pay less in taxes.


Tax-free: refers to a Roth IRA where money grows without paying taxes each year and is distributed without being taxed. Actually, the money contributed to most Roth IRA's is money on which you have already paid taxes; it is the earnings (growth) that are tax-free.


Be $ Smart - Learn about the impact of taxes on your investments. Position your assets effectively to pay less in taxes.

Use Tax Season to Put Your Financial House in Order

My least favorite time of year has arrived - TAX season!
It takes days to gather all the 1099's, W-2's, etc. I take over the dining room table with papers spread over every inch. Fortunately, I also have a kitchen table where I eat my meals.

With everything out in the open, this presents a perfect opportunity to organize your finances.

Try to implement one of these suggestions:
1. Use a 3-ring binder to organize statements. Even if you receive statements online, it may be helpful to print the summary page for each financial institution. Use dividers to separate each. This helps you to compare monthly or quarterly values. Are you making money?

2. Create an annual Net Worth statement. List all the assets you own - house, condo, car, 401k, IRA, etc. and their current value. Add them up. List what you owe (liabilities) - car loan, student loan, mortgage, credit card balances, etc. Add them up. Subtract what you owe from what you own. That number is your Net Worth. Each year compare the bottom line. Are you growing your wealth?

3. Increase your savings amount. Pay yourself first.
Are you on track to buy that car or condo? Set up direct deposit from your checking account to your savings account.
For retirement, increase your contribution to your 401k/403b by 1%.

Be $ Smart - Use tax season to build your financial independence.